Acquiring knowledge about the regular structure of the body and its functions at the cellular level. Due to the size of cells and components of the matrix, histology involves the use of the microscope. The aim of the course is to teach students about the cytomorphological and histomorphological structure of the human body at the optical and electron microscopy level. Acquired knowledge about the microscopic structure of the human body represents the basis for understanding pathomorphological changes in the aetiopathogenesis of diseases. For a better knowledge of the biology of tissues, it is also important to gain new insights in chemistry, physiology, immunology and pathology at the disciplinary and interdisciplinary level. Students should know the definition of histology and its place among related professions. Students should also know the significance of the knowledge of histology for other medical professions.
Embryology studies the development of the embryo and allows us to understand complex relationships in the structure of the human body. It is also significant for the practice of medicine because it interprets the occurrence of anomalies in the development of particular organs and facilitates the understanding of clinical medical disciplines, such as gynaecology, obstetrics, paediatrics and orthognathic surgery.
INTRODUCTION. Detailed structure of the oral cavity, including teeth, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, blood, lymphatic tissue and organs, epithelial tissue, connective tissue (with a focus on connective tissue proper; cartilages and bones), salivary glands, tongue. General embryology. Special embryology: development of the face, jaws and teeth.
CYTOLOGY. Cell shape and structure. Cell membrane, receptors. Cell junctions (tight junctions, anchoring junctions and communicating junctions). Cytoplasm. Organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, secretory vesicles. Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary filaments). Basic types of tissue.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE. Definition, function, classification.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES. Definition, function, classification. Components of connective tissue (cells, fibres, ground substance). CARTILAGE. Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage (structure, location in the body, development). BONE. Bone tissue structure (cells, extracellular matrix, types of bone lamellae). Types of bone tissue. Bone development (intramembranous and endochondral ossification). Jaw development and growth (maxilla, mandible, alveolar bone).
MUSCLE TISSUE. Smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Structure, function, innervation. NERVOUS TISSUE. Nerve cell structure. Glial cells. Nerve fibres, nerve endings. Nerve structure.
BLOOD. Blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets). Blood plasma.
VASCULAR SYSTEM. Blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, veins (structure and function). Lymphatic vessels.
IMMUNE SYSTEM. Structure and function of lymphoid organs (lymph node, tonsils, thymus).
SKIN. Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
ORAL CAVITY. Structure of the lip, oral mucosa, teeth and tongue.
ORAL MUCOSA. Lining, masticatory and specialised mucosa.
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY: reproductive cells, fertilisation, implantation, embryonic disk, gastrulation, neurulation, pharyngeal arches, pouches and grooves.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE. Structures involved in the development of the face. TOOTH DEVELOPMENT. Dental lamina. Crown development (the cap stage, the bell stage, enamel organ). Odontoblasts and ameloblasts. Tooth root development (Hertwig epithelial root sheath). Cementoblasts.
Dental pulp, periodontium and alveolar bone development. Tooth eruption and exfoliation.
DENTAL PULP. Origin, blood and lymphatic vessels, dental pulp nerves. Histological structure (cells, fibres, ground substance). Function. Regression changes.
DENTINE. Dentinogenesis. Physical and chemical properties. Morphological characteristics. Dentine and dentinal tubules. Regional differences. Age-related changes in dentine. Regeneration.
ENAMEL. Amelogenesis. Physical and chemical properties. Morphological characteristics. Enamel prisms. Regional differences in enamel. Life cycle of ameloblasts.
CEMENTUM. Cementogenesis. Physical and chemical properties. Morphological characteristics. Periodontal surface of the cementum. Cementoenamel and cementodentinal junction. Functions of the cementum. Hypercementosis. Resorption. Regeneration.
PERIODONTIUM. Definition. Morphology (cells, fibres, ground substance).
Vascularisation and innervation. Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic circulation. Functions.
DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION. Location. Junctional epithelium. Epithelial junction.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT. Definition. Structure. Function.
GLANDS. EXOCRINE GLANDS IN THE ORAL CAVITY. Development. Histological structure and classification of salivary glands. Serous cell. Mucous cell. Myoepithelial cells.
Secretory duct system. Composition and role of saliva. ENDOCRINE GLANDS (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas).
EXERCISES
Preparing samples for the optical and electron microscope. Microscopy techniques. Histology slide analysis.
CYTOLOGY. Cell shape (squamous, round, oval, cylindrical, pyramidal).
Shape of the nucleus (segmented, kidney-shaped, round). Number of nuclei (cells without a nucleus; mononuclear, binucleated and multinucleated cells).
EPITHELIA. Simple epithelia (squamous, cuboidal, columnar); stratified epithelia (keratinised and non-keratinised stratified squamous and transitional epithelium), pseudostratified (pseudostratified columnar epithelium). Glandular epithelia.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES. Loose and dense connective tissue. Tendon. Adipose tissue. CARTILAGE AND BONE. Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrous cartilage. Intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Decalcified bone and bone thin section.
MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUE. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle. Types of nerve cells and nerve fibres. Peripheral nerves.
BLOOD. Blood smear. BLOOD VESSELS. Elastic and muscular arteries and veins. Lymphatic vessels. Lymph node, tonsils, thymus.
SKIN.
TYPES OF ORAL MUCOSA. Lining, masticatory and specialised mucosa.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE AND TEETH. Tooth development stages: the cap stage and the bell stage. Enamel organ. Amelogenesis. Ameloblasts. Dentinogenesis. Cementogenesis.
TOOTH STRUCTURE. Crown, neck, root. Enamel. Dentine, predentine, odontoblasts, dentinal tubules. Globular dentine. Tomes' granular layer. Dental pulp (histological organisation of pulp zones, blood vessels and pulp nerves). Cementum, cementoblasts, cellular and acellular cementum.
PERIODONTIUM. Cells, fibres, blood vessels, innervation.
DENTOGINGIVAL JUNCTION. Gingiva. Junctional epithelium. Epithelial junction. Gingival pocket.
GLANDS. EXOCRINE salivary glands: parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands. ENDOCRINE glands: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, endocrine component of the pancreas.
Assigned reading:
- Junqueira LC, Carneiro J: Osnove histologije, udžbenik i atlas prema 10. američkom izdanju. Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2006. – Odabrana poglavlja
- Sadler TW: Langmanova medicinska embriologija, 10. izdanje. Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 2009. – Odabrana poglavlja
Further reading:
- Wheater's functional histology. Young Barbara, O'Dowd Geraldine, Woodford Phillip. 6. izdanje. Elsevier, 2014.
- Moore Keith L.,Persaud T.V.N., Torchia Mark G. The developing human. Clinically oriented embryology. 10. izdanje. Elsevier, 2016.
- Larsen's human embryology. Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Brauer, Francis West. 5. izdanje. Elsevier, 2015